Migration Restrictions Can Create Gender Inequality. The Story of China's Left-Behind Children.

Autor/inn/en	Gao, Xuwen; Liang, Wenquan; Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq; Song, Ran
Institution	National Bureau of Economic Research
Titel	Migration Restrictions Can Create Gender Inequality. The Story of China's Left-Behind Children.
Quelle	Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research (2023) PDF als Volltext (1); PDF als Volltext (2) Link als defekt meldenVerfügbarkeit
Reihe	NBER working paper series. w30990
Beigaben	Illustrationen
Sprache	englisch
Dokumenttyp	online; Monographie; Graue Literatur
DOI	10.3386/w30990
Schlagwörter	Soziale Ausgrenzung; Kind; Schulbesuch; Bildungsabschluss; Geschlecht; Landflucht; Migrationspolitik; Arbeitspapier; China
Abstract	About 11% of the Chinese population are rural-urban migrants with a rural hukou that severely restricts their children's access to urban schools. As a result, 69 million children are left behind in rural areas. We use two regression-discontinuity designs - based on school enrollment age cutoffs and a 2014 policy change that more severely restricted migrants' access to schooling - to document that migrants become discontinuously more likely to leave middle-school-aged daughters (but not sons) behind in poor rural areas without either parent present exactly when schooling becomes expensive and restricted. The effect is larger when the daughter has a male sibling. Migrant parents send significantly less remittances back to daughters than sons. Although China's hukou mobility restrictions are not gender-specific in intent, they have larger adverse effects on girls. Rural residents adjacent to cities that experience shocks to labor demand after China's accession to the WTO are more likely to separate from children to take advantage of new opportunities in cities. Those workers earn much more and advance economically, but longitudinal data reveals that their children complete fewer years of schooling, remain poor, and have worse mental and physical health later in life.
Erfasst von	ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Kiel
Update	2024/1