The labour market integration of immigrants in Germany.

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Autor/in	Liebig, Thomas
Institution	OECD
Titel	The labour market integration of immigrants in Germany. Gefälligkeitsübersetzung: Zur Arbeitsmarktintegration von Einwanderern in Deutschland.
Quelle	Paris (2007), 66 S.; 816 KB PDF als Volltext kostenfreie Datei Link als defekt meldenVerfügbarkeit
Reihe	OECD social, employment and migration working papers. 47
Sprache	englisch
Dokumenttyp	online; Monographie; Graue Literatur
Schlagwörter	Bildungsbeteiligung; Bildungspolitik; Zweite Generation; Deutsch; Fremdsprachenkenntnisse; Ausländerpolitik; Diskriminierung; Einwanderungsland; Integrationspolitik; Berufliche Integration; Erwerbsbeteiligung; Niedrig Qualifizierter; Arbeitspapier; Kompetenzverteilung; Arbeitnehmer; Ausländer; Ausländerin; Aussiedler; Erste Generation; Flüchtling
Abstract	"1. The current situation of the labour market integration of migrants in Germany has to be viewed in the light of its immigration history. During the post-war economic boom, until 1973, Germany focused on the recruitment of low-skilled foreign labour. Many of these 'guestworker' immigrants settled and were joined by their foreign spouses, which has given rise to a second generation of persons with an immigrant background. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Germany received massive immigration flows of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe. Shortly after the peak immigration of ethnic Germans, Germany received large numbers of humanitarian migrants. German statistics only distinguish along nationality lines. This hampers assessment of the situation as this does not take account of ethnic Germans - who have German nationality and are now the most important immigrant group, although they face difficulties similar to those of other migrant groups. Assessment based on nationality is also problematic since immigrants with a foreign nationality have increasingly and selectively taken up German citizenship. There is a clear need for statistics based on the country of birth. 2. There are a large number of governmental and non-governmental actors involved at all levels - from the EU to the Federal, Länder and local governments. Germany is currently in the process of a major restructuring of its complex integration framework. Under the new Immigration Act which came into force on 1 January 2005, there is a uniform introduction programme for all permanent immigrants. As in the past, integration services focus largely on language training. There is little evaluation with respect to the effectiveness of this kind of training and it is generally not linked to labour market needs. Indeed, the scarce empirical evidence suggests that language training in Germany may not be very effective as a means of labour market integration. In addition to the regular integration services, there is a multitude of innovative projects. However, these are often locally-based and time-limited, and seldom designed in a way that would enable proper evaluation. 3. With respect to employment and unemployment rates, and particularly given their low educational attainment and the current economic situation, the labour market integration of immigrant men is relatively favourable in international comparison. However, immigrant women, and particularly those of Turkish origin, have very low employment rates. This is partly an outcome of policies which limited the labour market access of spouses. Most of these legal obstacles have been removed under the new Immigration Act. 4. The situation of the so-called 'second generation' is of concern, as they have very low educational outcomes. This hampers their access to vocational training, which appears to have an even stronger impact on their employment prospects than on those of natives. The low educational attainment of the second generation seems to be at least partly attributable to structural features in the German education system, such as the early streaming which puts migrants' children in a lower track. Especially problematic is the relatively late starting age for kindergarten and the prevalence of half-day education in kindergarten and school, which limits exposure to the German language at a crucial age. Immigrants' access to self-employment is hampered by legal obstacles and a lack of information and subsequent access to financial credits. Despite positive experiences with temporary employment as a labour market integration tool for immigrants in other OECD countries, immigrants are not a focus group of the Federal temporary employment programme." Die Untersuchung enthält quantitative Daten. Forschungsmethode: deskriptive Studie. (author's abstract, IAB-Doku).
Erfasst von	Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, Nürnberg
Update	2007/3